At present, fruit trees are transitioning from dormancy to the germination stage, and several pests have become active or are about to become active. Among them, apple rot disease spores have entered their peak transmission period, and disease spots are now expanding rapidly. The Japanese orchard scale nymphs have started moving short distances. As fruit buds begin to sprout, the pathogen of apple powdery mildew has started infecting the plants. Meanwhile, larvae of the apple leafroller and the leaf-rolling moth are also becoming more active. Additionally, meadow bug eggs are hatching, and hawthorn females are emerging after the flower buds open. This is a critical time for pest and disease control.
To reduce the number of pests and diseases and ease the pressure of future management, all counties should take advantage of the current weak resistance of pests and diseases. At this stage, the infestation areas are concentrated, making it an ideal time for effective pesticide application. It's crucial to implement fruit tree pest control measures promptly and effectively.
**I. Agricultural Measures**
Clearing fallen leaves, removing rough bark, and burning or burying them deeply can help reduce the sources of diseases like brown spot and leaf spot on apples, as well as the golden moth. Pruning helps eliminate bacterial sources such as powdery mildew, ring disease, anthracnose, and other pests. Scraping off old bark reduces the risk of apple rot and locust infestations.
**II. Chemical Measures**
1. **Tree Spraying**
When apple tree buds start to swell, spray the entire orchard with 3–5°Bé sulfur lime solution or 45% sulfur crystals diluted 40–60 times. You can also mix in insecticides and bactericides. For example, 48% chlorpyrifos emulsified oil at 1000 times dilution combined with 50% carbendazim WP at 600 times dilution can be used for full coverage spraying.
2. **Treating Apple Rot Disease**
If lesions are found, scrape them off immediately and apply a 1.8% octanoic acid salt solution diluted 10 times or 3% methyl thiophanate paste. Cover the wound with yellow mud and plastic film to aid in healing.
In areas where conditions permit, spraying 20% syringyl ester suspension before fruit tree germination can help manage apple rot. Alternatively, applying Phytophthora infestans in May can be used for testing and controlling the disease.
3. **Eliminating Apple Rust Fungus Sources**
In orchards where apple rust was observed last year, especially if cypress trees are nearby, remove teliospores from cypress trees. Apply 15% triazole WP at 2000 times dilution or a 3–5°Bé sulfur mixture to prevent spread.
**III. Notes to Consider**
1. Timing is crucial during spring garden cleaning. Applying treatments too early may not be effective, while doing so too late can cause phytotoxicity.
2. Sulfur-based pesticides are alkaline and may reduce the effectiveness when mixed with mancozeb, carbendazim, chlorbenzuron, or pyrethroid insecticides.
3. Sulfur mixtures should be used immediately after preparation. Long-term storage may reduce efficacy. They are sensitive to sulfur, so caution is needed when using them in peach, plum, apricot, grape, and pear orchards, which are prone to phytotoxicity.
4. Prolonged use of sulfur mixtures may lead to resistance in pests and diseases. Therefore, it's recommended to combine insecticides and fungicides for better control.
By following these agricultural and chemical measures, growers can significantly reduce the impact of pests and diseases, ensuring healthier fruit trees and higher yields in the coming season.
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