Based on their structural configurations, grid structures can generally be categorized into two main types: plate-type grid structures with two layers and shell-type grid structures that come in single or double layers. In plate-type grid systems, the upper and lower chords, along with the web members, primarily experience tensile and compressive forces. Meanwhile, members in double-shell type grid structures also handle bending moments and shear forces. Currently, in China, plate-type grid structures are predominantly utilized due to their versatility and efficiency.
The plate-type grid structures can be further subdivided into three primary categories based on their composition. The first category comprises planar truss systems, which include bidirectional orthogonal grids, bidirectional oblique grids, and three-directional grids. These designs offer various configurations such as a positive grid, an oblique grid, and a diagonal grid. The second category involves quadrangular pyramid units, forming structures like the four-cornered cone grid, the oblique quadrangular pyramid grid, the checkerboard quadrangular pyramid grid, and the star-shaped quadrangular pyramid grid. These designs provide robust support and stability for large-span constructions.
In contrast, shell-type grid structures are distinguished by their curved surfaces, which include cylindrical, spherical, and hyperbolic paraboloid types. These structures often combine elements of both plate and shell designs to create hybrid frameworks that maximize strength while minimizing material usage. Grid structures can also be classified according to the materials they use, including steel, reinforced concrete, and hybrid combinations of steel and concrete. Among these, steel grids are the most commonly employed due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and durability.
When designing grid structures, engineers must carefully consider factors such as load-bearing capacity, environmental conditions, and aesthetic requirements. For instance, in urban areas where space is limited, plate-type grids with their efficient load distribution are ideal for supporting large roofs or bridges. Similarly, in sports arenas or exhibition halls, shell-type grids provide not only structural integrity but also architectural flair. Furthermore, advancements in construction technology have enabled architects and builders to integrate these grid systems seamlessly into modern buildings, enhancing both functionality and visual appeal.
While steel remains the go-to choice for many applications due to its reliability, reinforced concrete offers certain advantages in seismic zones, where flexibility and resilience are critical. Hybrid grids combining steel and concrete leverage the best qualities of each material, creating structures that are both strong and adaptable. As cities continue to grow and infrastructure demands increase, the role of grid structures in shaping our built environment becomes increasingly significant.
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