When exposed to light—whether it’s sunlight or artificial illumination—the solar cell captures the light energy and generates a phenomenon known as the "photovoltaic effect." This effect occurs when light photons interact with the semiconductor material in the solar cell, creating a flow of electrons that results in a "photogenerated voltage." As a result, an electromotive force is generated between the two terminals of the solar cell, effectively converting light energy into electrical energy. It serves as a device for transforming one form of energy into another. Solar cells are most commonly made from silicon, and they come in several types, including monocrystalline silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar cells, and amorphous silicon solar cells. Monocrystalline cells are made from a single crystal structure, offering high efficiency but can be more expensive to produce. Polycrystalline cells, on the other hand, are composed of multiple silicon crystals, making them slightly less efficient but more cost-effective. Amorphous silicon cells are thinner and more flexible, often used in applications where flexibility is key, though they typically have lower efficiency levels compared to their crystalline counterparts.
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