In recent years, China's animal husbandry and feed industry have experienced rapid growth, leading to an increasing shortage of feed resources. Experts predict that between 2010 and 2020, the protein feed gap in China could reach between 24 million and 48 million tons, while the deficit in oilseed cakes might be as high as 25.6 million tons. For a long time, soybean meal has been the primary raw material for protein feed, but this has led to tight supply and frequent price fluctuations.
Soybean meal and other oilseed meals share similar crude protein content. China produces large quantities of by-products such as cottonseed cake (over 6 million tons annually) and rapeseed cake (around 3 million tons). These materials are highly valuable in feed production. The crude protein levels in various oilseed meals are impressive: for example, peanut meal contains more protein than soybean meal, while cottonseed meal is comparable. Rapeseed and sunflower seed meals offer about 80% of the protein found in soybean meal. Additionally, some oilseed meals have high amino acid digestibility—sunflower seed meal reaches up to 89%, nearly matching soybean meal’s average of 90%. These meals also provide other essential nutrients, such as linoleic acid, higher available phosphorus, and increased B-vitamin content in certain cases.
However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors and toxic substances has limited the use of these by-products in feed. Fortunately, modern bioengineering techniques, such as enzyme preparations, have proven effective in improving their utilization and nutritional value.
One major challenge in using oilseed meals in feed is their high crude fiber content. For instance, cottonseed cake may contain up to 17% crude fiber, flaxseed can reach 28%, and shelled sunflower seeds may have as much as 32%. Crude fiber, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, cannot be digested by monogastric animals, reducing nutrient concentration and impairing digestion. This leads to anti-nutritional effects and lower feed efficiency.
High cellulose content also affects amino acid digestibility. It encapsulates nutrients, prevents full contact with digestive enzymes, and increases endogenous nutrient loss. Moreover, it can cause chelation reactions with minerals like calcium, copper, iron, and zinc, forming insoluble salts that hinder mineral absorption.
Water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides, such as xylan, increase intestinal viscosity, making it harder for digestive enzymes to interact with substrates. This creates a physical barrier that reduces nutrient absorption and lowers overall feed efficiency.
Another issue is the presence of anti-nutritional factors like trypsin inhibitors and lectins. These compounds interfere with digestive enzymes, leading to pancreatic hypertrophy and reduced nutrient absorption. They can also cause changes in enzyme activity, increased mucin secretion, and decreased feed utilization.
Some proteins have complex structures that are difficult for digestive enzymes to break down. To enhance their digestibility, specific enzyme preparations are often required. By addressing these challenges, the potential of oilseed meals as sustainable and nutritious feed ingredients can be fully realized.
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