In recent years, China's animal husbandry and feed industry have experienced rapid development, leading to an increasing challenge in the availability of feed resources. According to expert predictions, between 2010 and 2020, the gap in protein feed in China was expected to range from 24 million to 48 million tons, while the deficit in oilseed meals reached approximately 25.6 million tons. For a long time, soybean meal has been the primary raw material for protein feed, which has resulted in tight supply and fluctuating prices.
Soybean meal and other oilseed meals have high crude protein content. China produces large quantities of various by-products annually, such as cottonseed cake (over 6 million tons per year) and rapeseed cake (about 3 million tons). These materials are considered highly valuable in feed. For instance, peanut meal has a higher crude protein content than soybean meal, while cottonseed meal is close in protein levels. Rapeseed and sunflower seed meals contain about 80% of the protein found in soybean meal. Additionally, some oilseed meals have high amino acid digestibility, with sunflower seed meal reaching up to 89%, nearly matching that of soybean meal. These by-products also provide other essential nutrients, such as high levels of linoleic acid, better available phosphorus, and rich omega-3 fatty acids in flaxseed. Sunflower seed meal also contains significantly more B vitamins compared to soybean meal.
However, the use of these oilseed meals in feed has been limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors and toxic substances. Research and practical applications have shown that using modern biotechnology, such as enzyme preparations, is one of the most effective ways to improve their utilization in feed.
One major challenge in using oilseed meals is their high crude fiber content, especially when processing is incomplete. For example, cottonseed cake can contain up to 17% crude fiber, while flaxseed may reach 28%, and shelled sunflower seeds can have as much as 32%. Crude fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, which cannot be digested by monogastric animals. This leads to a dilution effect, reducing nutrient concentration and impairing digestion and absorption of other nutrients.
High cellulose content not only encapsulates nutrients but also increases endogenous nutrient loss and reduces overall feed efficiency. It can also cause chelation reactions with minerals like calcium, copper, iron, and zinc, forming insoluble salts that hinder mineral absorption.
Moreover, the presence of water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides (SNSP), such as xylan, increases intestinal viscosity, making it harder for digestive enzymes to interact with substrates. This creates a physical barrier that limits nutrient absorption and reduces the efficiency of digestion.
Another issue is the presence of anti-nutritional factors like trypsin inhibitors and lectins, which can bind to digestive enzymes, leading to pancreatic hypertrophy and reduced nutrient absorption. These factors also affect the small intestine lining, causing changes in enzyme activity and increased mucus production.
Some proteins in oilseed meals have complex structures that are difficult for digestive enzymes to break down. Therefore, specialized enzyme preparations are often needed to enhance their digestibility and improve overall feed utilization.
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