In the process of seedling growth, there are specific rules that must be followed. Therefore, farmers need to perform scientific operations before and after transplanting the seedlings into the field, ensuring proper cultivation and management according to the characteristics of seedling development. As our province is a major grain-producing region, primarily focused on double-season rice, the mechanized planting techniques can be categorized into early rice and late rice field cultivation methods. This section mainly outlines the key technical points for early rice cultivation.
First, land preparation and fertilization: Before transplanting, the field needs to be properly leveled, with base fertilizer applied in combination with tillage. A total of 70-80% of nitrogen fertilizer, all phosphate fertilizer, and about two-thirds of potassium fertilizer should be used as base fertilizer. The soil should be fine and level, not too high, with a moderately soft top layer. To improve fertilizer efficiency, dry cultivation and dry fertilizer application with controlled water levels are recommended. For green manure fields, apply 500 kg of animal manure per mu; for non-green manure fields (winter fallow), 1000 kg of animal manure per acre is required. Additionally, 40 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 10-12 kg of urea, 30 kg of superphosphate, and 5 kg of potassium chloride should be added as a side dressing. If using water tillage, the depth should not be too deep, as excessive water can cause the field to become waterlogged, leading to issues with the transplanter sinking and increased difficulty during operation. In such cases, sandy soils should be dried for one day, while sticky soils should be dried for 2-3 days before applying thin water for transplanting.
Second, mechanical transplanting: It is generally suitable to transplant seedlings around 20 days old, with 3.5 leaves. During the transplanting process, the field surface should remain shallow. If the water is too deep, it can affect the depth of planting, increase drifting, and cause instability in the transplanter, potentially damaging already planted seedlings. The quality of mechanical transplanting plays a crucial role in determining yield and is essential for achieving high productivity. Ideal transplanting conditions include even spacing, low injury rate, minimal missing plants, and reduced drifting. Typically, 1.4-1.8 million holes per acre are needed, with 1-3 grains per hole for hybrid rice. The standard planting distance is usually 30×11.6–14.7 cm, adjustable based on seedling uniformity. The transplanting depth is generally around 1.5 cm.
Third, water management: The principle of water control involves thin water planting, light watering to promote root development, shallow flooding, maintaining a consistent water level, and alternating dry and wet periods during maturation. Water management should follow the method of thin dew irrigation, allowing the soil to dry slightly after planting, then rewatering after 3-4 days. The water depth should cover the mud. When the number of tillers reaches 80% of the expected panicle count, dehydration is introduced to improve ventilation, enhance plant mass, and promote large ears from lower positions.
Fourth, fertilizer application and management: Fertilizer management should involve applying base fertilizer first, with less or no additional fertilizer initially, and increasing the use of spike fertilizer later. Organic fertilizer, combined with NPK, should be used. Nitrogen fertilizer should be 70-80% as base fertilizer, 20-30% as topdressing. All organic and phosphate fertilizers should be applied as base fertilizer, with two-thirds of potassium fertilizer as base and one-third as topdressing. If the base fertilizer is insufficient, 5 kg of urea and potassium chloride can be applied together with weeding within 7 days after planting. For panicle fertilizer, it should be applied when the second leaf starts to turn and the flag leaf begins to expand, which is the stage of floret degradation. Applying the panicle fertilizer at this time—when the young panicle is differentiating—can significantly improve yield. Typically, 3-5 kg of urea and potassium chloride per mu are recommended. Before application, the soil should be slightly dry, and after fertilizing, water should be slowly added to ensure even distribution. After heading, a single application of grain fertilizer can be made, with 0.5 kg of urea and potassium chloride each, plus 150 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate dissolved in 50 kg of water.
Fifth, pest control: Before transplanting, it's important to spray 20% tricyclazole diluted 750 times to prevent pests. Alternatively, 40% emulsifiable oil can be mixed with 75% of the solution. After transplanting, timely and accurate pest and disease control is essential, especially for rice blast, sheath blight, and stem borers, to reduce production costs and increase yield.
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